Eric Ash is an electrical engineer who has
specialized primarily in electron optics and
ultrasonics. He received a bachelor's degree in
electrical engineering from Imperial College in
1948 and received his Doctor in Science degree in
1952 from Imperial, working with Denis Gabor.
After holding a Fulbright fellowship at Stanford,
Ash returned to London in 1954 where he did
research on microwave tubes and acousto-electronics
at the Standard Telecommunications Laboratory (STL)
from 1955 through 1963. In 1963 he became a
professor of electrical engineering at University
College in London, continuing his ultrasonics
research there; in 1985 Ash became Rector of
Imperial College. He is currently retired.
The interview begins with Ash's early years and
education at the University College School and
Imperial College, with particular emphasis on
Ash's affiliation with Denis Gabor. After discussing
his experiences with applied physical electronics
at Stanford University in the early 1950s, Ash
describes his work on microwave tubes and
acousto-electronics at the industrial laboratory
at STL. He then discusses the circumstances of his
becoming a professor of electrical engineering at
University College and compares industrial with
academic research; he also outlines some of the
consulting work he did for various companies,
including a sabbatical with IBM in 1969-1970 and
work with General Electric in Schenectady. He
discusses the difficulty of predicting
technological development and the considerable
"internationality" of research in ultrasonics. He
describes his work as Rector of Imperial College
primarily in terms of the management and
administrative work this position required; he
notes that by 1989 he had no real hands-on contact
with research or teaching. He discusses at length
his association with the IEE publication
"Electronics Letters" and compares it with the IEE
Proceedings and the IEEE Transactions. More
broadly, he discusses his membership in and
committee work for both IEE and IEEE. He discusses
books and persons he has found to be particularly
influential. The interview concludes with a
discussion of various consulting positions he
currently holds.
| 1. |
German; family emigrated to
England in 1938 |
| |
Father was with AEG, head
of legal department |
| 2 |
Engineering as universal
language, transferrable career |
| |
University College School |
| 3 |
Electrical engineering at
Imperial College |
| |
V1 bombings |
| 4 |
V2 bombings |
| |
Crystal radio |
| |
German broadcasts,
propaganda |
| 5 |
1948 engineering degree |
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Graduate research at
Imperial |
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Denis Gabor received Nobel
for inventing holography |
| |
Ph.D. under Gabor at
Imperial |
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Gabor as genius, physicist
though studied as engineer |
| 6 |
Gabor hopeless at
experiments |
| |
One of very few to get
Ph.D. under Gabor |
| 7 |
Thesis' 1st theme: use of
electrons in electron optics, electron
lens |
| 8 |
Eliminating spherical
aberration; idea from Gabor |
| |
Ash first to demonstrate
these lenses |
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Thesis' 2nd them: plasma,
oscillations in sheathes around plasma |
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Plasma fusion idea was
classified |
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Gabor and plasma theory |
| 9 |
Ash as first person to
measure field distribution in sheath |
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Doctor of Science in 1952 |
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To Stanford in 1952 as
research fellow |
| 10 |
Applied physical
electronics |
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Terman, Dean Watkins |
| |
Donald Dunn |
| 11 |
Stanford |
| |
Back to London in 1954 |
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University of London, Queen
Mary College, in lab working on
dielectric loaded |
| |
linear accelerators |
| 12 |
1955 went to industry;
Standard Telecommunications (STL) |
| |
Main European laboratory
for ITT |
| |
Research on microwave
tubes; then to solid state |
| |
Amplifiers, oscillators,
detectors |
| |
Stanford work: back-wave
oscillator |
| 13 |
Thomson CSF, Bell Labs,
back-wave oscillator |
| |
Civil and military
applications; communications |
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Classified tube processing |
| |
Able to publish to limited
degree |
| |
McCarthyism and
universities |
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Academic freedom |
| 14 |
McCarthyism; loyalty oaths
at the University of California |
| |
STL |
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Technology gap between U.S.
and U.K. |
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STL versus academic lab |
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STL supported manufacturing
division of company, then and now |
| 15 |
Favors open industrial
laboratory |
| |
Encouraged to publish while
at STL |
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Industrial laboratory work
and academic work |
| |
Eight years at STL |
| 16 |
Acousto-electronics at STL |
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Ultrasonic amplifier |
| 17 |
STL and ultrasonics:
microwaves for telecommunications |
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Freedom in choosing topics |
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1958 (after 3 years) became
head of high speed devices group |
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Left STL in 1963 |
| 18 |
To University College in
1963 |
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Academic career |
| 19 |
Transition to university |
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Freedom to spend money;
freedom to decide what to teach |
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Pressure applied to
universities to be more cost-effective;
valuable until 1970s |
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Teaching |
| 20 |
Graduate students |
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Ultrasonics research;
acoustic surface waves |
| |
Acoustic surface wave
guides |
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Calvin Quate at Stanford,
acoustic microscope |
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Research on acoustic
microscopy |
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Laboratory conditions |
| 21 |
Electrical engineering
department |
| |
Students getting Ph.D.'s
while working in industry; difficulty of
this |
| 22 |
Consulting for GE in
Schenectady |
| 23 |
Consulting for STL from
1958 through 1960s |
| |
IBM sabbatical year,
1969-1970 |
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Internationality of
research in ultrasonics |
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IEEE ultrasonics conference |
| 24 |
Europe not behind U.S. in
ultrasonic signal processing |
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Important European research
centers in ultrasonics |
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Japanese researchers |
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IBM sabbatical at Yorktown
research laboratories |
| 25 |
Ultrasonic signal
processing research at IBM |
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Bob Pole was group leader
at IBM |
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Engineering as applied
science |
| 26 |
Sees particle physics as
unlikely to have applications |
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Satellites as possibilities
in 1962, 1961 |
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Difficulty of predicting
how technology will go |
| |
Photo-thermal imaging in EE
department at London |
| 27 |
Criteria for undertaking
project |
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Head of EE department at
University College in 1980 |
| 28 |
Administrative work as head
of EE: keeping up teaching, research |
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Delegation of finances,
other tasks |
| 29 |
1985 became rector at
Imperial College |
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Retired from that position |
| 30 |
Building up University
College |
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Successful term as rector |
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Cut off from science,
research work |
| 31 |
Need for socialization to
come up with new idea |
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After 1989 no hands-on
contact with research or teaching |
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Delegation important
managerial skill |
| 32 |
Department head selection
as rector: someone skilled in department
field and with management skills |
| |
"Bilingual": must know own
field, know management |
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Improvements made at
Imperial College |
| 33 |
Alumni system get up |
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Journal, "Electronics
Letters," association with Peter
Clarricoats |
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IEE publication |
| 34 |
IEEE/IEE proposed merger in
1960s, does not go through |
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Importance of journal
referees |
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Issue of letters |
| 35 |
Speed of publication;
referee monitoring |
| 36 |
Referee monitoring |
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"Electronics Letters" as
key journal in opto-electronics and other
fields |
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IEE connection; joined as
student |
| 37 |
More involved with IEE
after returning to London in 1963 |
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Electronics divisional
board experience |
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EE Proceedings |
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Qualifications board |
| 38 |
Problem of letting
Americans into IEE; IEE's parochialism |
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IEE much more
internationally minded today |
| 39 |
IEE presidency |
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Ash's inaugural lecture |
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IEE's merge with British
IRE |
| 40 |
Travel for IEE |
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Internationalism of IEE |
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Joined U.S. IRE in 1952
while at Stanford |
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Joined to get journals |
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IEEE Transactions as world
repository of information in electrical
sciences |
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41 IEEE conferences;
ultrasonic conferences |
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Life member, Life Fellow of
IEEE |
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Influential books |
| 42 |
Influential books |
| 43 |
Influential books |
| 44 |
Influential books |
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Shockley's paper on
creativity in research |
| 45 |
Shockley's paper |
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Consulting to industry |
| 46 |
Consulting to industry |
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Advisor to government |
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Defense committees |
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SERC (Science and
Engineering Council), solid state
committee |
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Government investigating
particle physics, problem of excessive
funding |
| 47 |
ABRC (Advisory Board for
Research Councils) |
| 48 |
Defense committees: not
enough engineers sit on boards of
companies in U.L. |
| |
Influential people: Quate
as genius |
| 49 |
Steven Weinberg |
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Rudy Kompfner |
| 50 |
Kompfner at STL |
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George Porter,
photo-chemist, Nobel Laureate |
| |
Royal Institution in London |
| 51 |
Royal Institution and
public understanding of science |
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Faraday lectured at Royal
Institution |
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Industrial consultancy |
| 52 |
Consulting for British
Telecom, member of board |
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BT public utility
privatized in 1983; dynamic |
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Student Loan Company board |
|
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National
advisory board of Amp Corporation in U.S. |
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Amp: plugs and sockets |
| 53 |
High-tech, opto-electronics
at Amp; Amp's international advisory
board |
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On international advisory
board of Bosch Company in Germany |
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Henry Kissinger on Bosch
board |
| 54 |
Enjoys being on boards |
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Academics and money |
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Family |
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Engineers like to talk... |