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IEEE History Center: Eric Ash Abstract

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Eric Ash Interview (25 August 1994)

ABSTRACT

Eric Ash is an electrical engineer who has specialized primarily in electron optics and ultrasonics. He received a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering from Imperial College in 1948 and received his Doctor in Science degree in 1952 from Imperial, working with Denis Gabor. After holding a Fulbright fellowship at Stanford, Ash returned to London in 1954 where he did research on microwave tubes and acousto-electronics at the Standard Telecommunications Laboratory (STL) from 1955 through 1963. In 1963 he became a professor of electrical engineering at University College in London, continuing his ultrasonics research there; in 1985 Ash became Rector of Imperial College. He is currently retired.

The interview begins with Ash's early years and education at the University College School and Imperial College, with particular emphasis on Ash's affiliation with Denis Gabor. After discussing his experiences with applied physical electronics at Stanford University in the early 1950s, Ash describes his work on microwave tubes and acousto-electronics at the industrial laboratory at STL. He then discusses the circumstances of his becoming a professor of electrical engineering at University College and compares industrial with academic research; he also outlines some of the consulting work he did for various companies, including a sabbatical with IBM in 1969-1970 and work with General Electric in Schenectady. He discusses the difficulty of predicting technological development and the considerable "internationality" of research in ultrasonics. He describes his work as Rector of Imperial College primarily in terms of the management and administrative work this position required; he notes that by 1989 he had no real hands-on contact with research or teaching. He discusses at length his association with the IEE publication "Electronics Letters" and compares it with the IEE Proceedings and the IEEE Transactions. More broadly, he discusses his membership in and committee work for both IEE and IEEE. He discusses books and persons he has found to be particularly influential. The interview concludes with a discussion of various consulting positions he currently holds.

(Page numbers refer to pages in the printed transcript held at the IEEE History Center. On-line, they should be used as relative measures)

1. German; family emigrated to England in 1938
  Father was with AEG, head of legal department
2 Engineering as universal language, transferrable career
  University College School
3 Electrical engineering at Imperial College
  V1 bombings
4 V2 bombings
  Crystal radio
  German broadcasts, propaganda
5 1948 engineering degree
  Graduate research at Imperial
  Denis Gabor received Nobel for inventing holography
  Ph.D. under Gabor at Imperial
  Gabor as genius, physicist though studied as engineer
6 Gabor hopeless at experiments
  One of very few to get Ph.D. under Gabor
7 Thesis' 1st theme: use of electrons in electron optics, electron lens
8 Eliminating spherical aberration; idea from Gabor
  Ash first to demonstrate these lenses
  Thesis' 2nd them: plasma, oscillations in sheathes around plasma
  Plasma fusion idea was classified
  Gabor and plasma theory
9 Ash as first person to measure field distribution in sheath
  Doctor of Science in 1952
  To Stanford in 1952 as research fellow
10 Applied physical electronics
  Terman, Dean Watkins
  Donald Dunn
11 Stanford
  Back to London in 1954
  University of London, Queen Mary College, in lab working on dielectric loaded
  linear accelerators
12 1955 went to industry; Standard Telecommunications (STL)
  Main European laboratory for ITT
  Research on microwave tubes; then to solid state
  Amplifiers, oscillators, detectors
  Stanford work: back-wave oscillator
13 Thomson CSF, Bell Labs, back-wave oscillator
  Civil and military applications; communications
  Classified tube processing
  Able to publish to limited degree
  McCarthyism and universities
  Academic freedom
14 McCarthyism; loyalty oaths at the University of California
  STL
  Technology gap between U.S. and U.K.
  STL versus academic lab
  STL supported manufacturing division of company, then and now
15 Favors open industrial laboratory
  Encouraged to publish while at STL
  Industrial laboratory work and academic work
  Eight years at STL
16 Acousto-electronics at STL
  Ultrasonic amplifier
17 STL and ultrasonics: microwaves for telecommunications
  Freedom in choosing topics
  1958 (after 3 years) became head of high speed devices group
  Left STL in 1963
18 To University College in 1963
  Academic career
19 Transition to university
  Freedom to spend money; freedom to decide what to teach
  Pressure applied to universities to be more cost-effective; valuable until 1970s
  Teaching
20 Graduate students
  Ultrasonics research; acoustic surface waves
  Acoustic surface wave guides
  Calvin Quate at Stanford, acoustic microscope
  Research on acoustic microscopy
  Laboratory conditions
21 Electrical engineering department
  Students getting Ph.D.'s while working in industry; difficulty of this
22 Consulting for GE in Schenectady
23 Consulting for STL from 1958 through 1960s
  IBM sabbatical year, 1969-1970
  Internationality of research in ultrasonics
  IEEE ultrasonics conference
24 Europe not behind U.S. in ultrasonic signal processing
  Important European research centers in ultrasonics
  Japanese researchers
  IBM sabbatical at Yorktown research laboratories
25 Ultrasonic signal processing research at IBM
  Bob Pole was group leader at IBM
  Engineering as applied science
26 Sees particle physics as unlikely to have applications
  Satellites as possibilities in 1962, 1961
  Difficulty of predicting how technology will go
  Photo-thermal imaging in EE department at London
27 Criteria for undertaking project
  Head of EE department at University College in 1980
28 Administrative work as head of EE: keeping up teaching, research
  Delegation of finances, other tasks
29 1985 became rector at Imperial College
  Retired from that position
30 Building up University College
  Successful term as rector
  Cut off from science, research work
31 Need for socialization to come up with new idea
  After 1989 no hands-on contact with research or teaching
  Delegation important managerial skill
32 Department head selection as rector: someone skilled in department field and with management skills
  "Bilingual": must know own field, know management
  Improvements made at Imperial College
33 Alumni system get up
  Journal, "Electronics Letters," association with Peter Clarricoats
  IEE publication
34 IEEE/IEE proposed merger in 1960s, does not go through
  Importance of journal referees
  Issue of letters
35 Speed of publication; referee monitoring
36 Referee monitoring
  "Electronics Letters" as key journal in opto-electronics and other fields
  IEE connection; joined as student
37 More involved with IEE after returning to London in 1963
  Electronics divisional board experience
  EE Proceedings
  Qualifications board
38 Problem of letting Americans into IEE; IEE's parochialism
  IEE much more internationally minded today
39 IEE presidency
  Ash's inaugural lecture
  IEE's merge with British IRE
40 Travel for IEE
  Internationalism of IEE
  Joined U.S. IRE in 1952 while at Stanford
  Joined to get journals
  IEEE Transactions as world repository of information in electrical sciences
  41 IEEE conferences; ultrasonic conferences
  Life member, Life Fellow of IEEE
  Influential books
42 Influential books
43 Influential books
44 Influential books
  Shockley's paper on creativity in research
45 Shockley's paper
  Consulting to industry
46 Consulting to industry
  Advisor to government
  Defense committees
  SERC (Science and Engineering Council), solid state committee
  Government investigating particle physics, problem of excessive funding
47 ABRC (Advisory Board for Research Councils)
48 Defense committees: not enough engineers sit on boards of companies in U.L.
  Influential people: Quate as genius
49 Steven Weinberg
  Rudy Kompfner
50 Kompfner at STL
  George Porter, photo-chemist, Nobel Laureate
  Royal Institution in London
51 Royal Institution and public understanding of science
  Faraday lectured at Royal Institution
  Industrial consultancy
52 Consulting for British Telecom, member of board
  BT public utility privatized in 1983; dynamic
  Student Loan Company board
  National advisory board of Amp Corporation in U.S.
  Amp: plugs and sockets
53 High-tech, opto-electronics at Amp; Amp's international advisory board
  On international advisory board of Bosch Company in Germany
  Henry Kissinger on Bosch board
54 Enjoys being on boards
  Academics and money
  Family
  Engineers like to talk...

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